African American Experience Essay Example for Free

African American Experience EssayAfrican Americans lived otherwise than gaberdine manpower did during the consider of the century. They faced many problems within the society. Some of the issues they faced were come in of their hands. Although things were non the greatest all the time, there were supporters and organizations that they could turn to. Along with these organizations they had leaders that tried to benefactor the race. legion(predicate) African Americans became successful in the late 1920s, and still to this day there are many African Americans that are successful. During the time period approximately the late 1870s through the 1920s many African Americans did not have good jobs.The majority of African Americans lived in the southern states. Many were sharecroppers who worked the take cumulation and gave the land owners part of the profit from the crops. African Americans were cheated out of money through this process most of the time. The African American s did receive the right to vote before white women. African Americans faced many issues throughout these years. A series of laws were passed in the South to keep the African Americans at the lowest point possible in society. These laws were known as the Jim Crow Laws.Shortly after these laws were established segregation became legalized, and black codes that were abolished during the Reconstruction resurfaced and were supported in Plessy vs. Ferguson. This lead to African Americans being looked down on and equality far from reach. African Americans were not allowed to go to the same schools or drink out of the same water fountains as whites they were even told where they could and could not live. This put a strain on the race and the way they had to live. Many African Americans were also stripped of their voting rights. In 1890 a poll task was enforced.This meant that poor people, of both races, were not able to vote simply because they could not afford to. They also instituted a l iteracy test where you had to show that you were able to read and write. Many times African American college graduates failed the test, yet illiterate whites were some how able to pass. The responses to these issues were not good. They did not understand why they should be treated any differently from the whites. This led to riots and outburst throughout the country. After this, African Americans became the center of violent and cruel attacks.Lynchings were on an all time high in the late 1800s with much than a hundred African Americans being lynched per year. Law enforcement usually did nothing to stop these terrible acts and sometimes even participated. African Americans fled to the North during this time in search of better jobs and home lives for their families. Many organizations were formed during this time in hopes of ceasing the violence and bringing America to equality. Two of the largest influences were Booker T. Washington and W. E. B. Du Bois. Both of these men had sepa rate approaches with the end result being the same.Washington thought that equality would be achieved, but it would be a very slow and ongoing process. He wanted to concentrate on inviteting African Americans better paying jobs and a greater education. Du Bois believed that you should demand equality and stop at nothing to get it. He wanted better education, equal rights, and suffrage. Another well known advocate for African Americans was Ida B. Wells. She founded the anti-lynching movement that came into existence in the 1880s. This group set out to stop the violent acts aimed at African Americans.Wells goal was to make lynching a federal crime and keep the local law agencies from allowing and act in hate crimes. White women from the North and some others supported this movement, but it wasnt until the 1930s that lynching became a federal crime. For a time, Wells publish a naturalspaper, Free Speech. An angry mob of people burned down her office in Memphis, Tennessee and forced her to leave town. In 1891, Wells supported the take over of black cotton pickers. She was dismayed when fifteen of the cotton pickers were lynched.The whites sent a strong message that they were not going to conform to her desires and accept the equality of the African Americans for some time. With the end of the Civil War, the African Americans received freedom from slavery and gains some rights but lost many of those same rights a mere cardinal years later . They had sacrificed much and did not give them up easily. Even though they were often defeated in court and often threatened with violence, a visionary group of leaders laid the foundation for the future successes of the civil rights movement.They founded important educational institutions and organizations to fight for civil rights and cultivated both a new generation of leaders and a growing number of writers, artists, and professionals who embodied Du Boiss idea of a talented tenth and who became increasingly active and effective in the 1920s. intimately a century later, African Americans are better accepted in society than ever before. There is less of a double standard and more(prenominal) equality thanks to the brave men and women who came before and strove to encourage, nurture, and raise their children to grow up in a more civil environment.

Are Emotion and Reason Equally Necessary in Justifying Moral Decisions Essay Example for Free

Are Emotion and Reason Equally Necessary in Justifying Moral Decisions EssayIn analyzing human behavior and human thought processes it give notice be said that intellect and emotions argon always present in each major decision. at that place is no human being, blush the most morally upright or the most unbiased hearr can net crucial moral decisions without having to make up felt the power of evidence and the evenly powerful emotions in his mind and body. If Emotion and Reason are taken unneurotic and if the prop singlent of this paper get out not be given the freedom to choose one from the other hence the come to the query is no. There is no need to have the combined benefit of emotion and reason to justify a moral decision. But if catered a free hand one should insist that Reason is necessary in justifying moral decisions. This paper will look into the implications of employ Emotion and Reason in matters regarding moral decisions. This will be done by finding out what is the meaning of emotions and reason in the world of epistemology. But even before that in that respect is a need to have a review of epistemology the theories on how human beings acquire k instanterledge.Background Epistemology is a branch of philosophy that deals with how man attains knowledge. For many the getting of knowledge from reading, observing the outdoor(a) environment and by doing experiments can be taken for granted. But for philosophers it is not simply nigh getting data and then having the ability to describe what was find and inferred afterwards. Philosophers are persistent that man knows the exact process and if there is none then one should suspect if there is actual learning that occurred after all.With this in mind it is time to introduce two diverging schools of thought when it comes to epistemology and how man exactly acquires knowledge. The first group of philosophers believes that human beings can get knowledge using pure reason. It is the use of t he rationale mind, to think using logic to deduce and infer from what can be observed. It is easy to say reason but it is ambitious to explain the actual processes of how man looks at the different pieces of the puzzle and then be able to see the whole picture and finds a pattern or connection.Reason is the mans secret weapon and allows him to reign supreme in this planet. There is no other creature that can use the rein in the awesome power of reason in the same way as a human being. A good practice is on how man can deduce that certain plants are edible while others are lethal. It is common knowledge that man learns to distinguish between a tasty snack and a vine of poison by observing animals around him. This is probably the same technique used to discover that the seeds hidden behind the coffee pod are not only edible but similarly a source of one heavenly drink.Without the ability to reason it would have been im batable for man to realize that there is something in that cof fee pod after observing the goat or maybe birds taking a liking for the sweet fruit. Another example of reason is in finding a pattern and consistency in natural occurrences such as typhoons, fruiting seasons, gestation period etc. Using reason man was able to build a system where he can begin to tame nature and enjoy her benefits. He can plant and command harvest. He can build shelter and expect to be protected by an upcoming storm.Man can also reproduce his kind and even multiply his flocks knowing pretty well that there are certain laws in nature that he can rely upon and all these are possible by unleashing the power of reason. Diverging Stream Another school of thought when it comes to the acquirement of knowledge is called empiricism. The empiricists believe that it gaining knowledge through reason alone is suspect. They plead that reason can be influenced by many factors and they conclude that biases and prejudices can interfere in the process.This is understandable because for thousands of years man has postulated about something and made predictions about the future only to be made a fool at the end. This is because reason has its limits. It is at this point that that man is advised not to jump to conclusions. Empiricists will assert that accurate knowledge is only possible if man avails of his senses. The eyes to use to see and measure the hands used to grasp and determine circumstance the ears to hear and determine sound the nose for determining smells and the tongue for taste.Emotions are feelings and better yet it is a reaction that a person can observe after the body and the mind or the heart is exposed to certain external factors. For example, a arrive sees her baby crying because she had not eaten the whole twenty-four hour period. The mother has no money to buy milk and she too begins to cry. Her emotion can be labeled as sadness tells her that her mind and body does not admit to the image that she saw which is her poor baby experien cing acute hunger. There is another view of emotions which can be very helpful in this study.There are those who assert that emotions are not only act as messengers that tell a person whether something good or bad has occurred but they can be feelings that propels a person to do what is right even when faced with great odds. Jaggar remarked that, it is appropriate to feel joy when we are developing or exercising our original powers, and it is appropriate to feel anger and perhaps disgust in those situations where humans are denied their full creativity or freedom (1996, p. 82). A good example of such an occurrence was again given by Jaggar who wrote, Certain emotions may be both morally appropriate and epistemologically advantageous in approaching dehumanised and even the inanimate world Jane Goodalls scientific contribution to our understanding of chimpanzee behavior seems to have been made possible only by her fearful empathy with or even love for these animals (1996, p. 182).T o those who are familiar with Goodalls case will admire her courage and determination considering that she had to travel to Africa and be removed from the creature comforts and security of Western society and be immersed in a hostile environment, not with humans but with wild animals. It is a good instance of how emotions maneuver someone to do something heroic. It is easy to understand what emotions can do to lift ordinary humans to strive for things that exceed his grasp. Emotions can fire-up a person and allow him to go where no one has gone before.The history of the United States is replete with examples where unsound moral decisions were justified with the cry for freedom and equality. But there is also a counter-argument that emotions are not needed to do justify moral decisions. Reason alone should be enough to move a person to do what is right. This is because emotions can be subjective. And there is no need to furnish volumes of scientific material to prove that point. E motions can even be counter-productive when used to analyze tough moral decisions as evidenced from the results of a new study published in Newsweek.According to Wray Herbert writing for Newsweek (2008) A large and growing number of psychologists now argue that a welter of prejudices are simmering just below the surface of society prejudices against many ethnic groups, against women, gays, the elderly, and outsiders like the homeless and drug addicts. The bad question is whether these unconscious animosities are potent enough to actually shape our actions, to make us do things we ourselves find shameful.A new study suggests that, unhappily, the answer is yes. Conclusion The question whether emotion and reason are equally necessary to justify moral decisions is a double-headed query that should have been simplified by separating emotion and reason rephrasing it in two separate questions 1) Is emotion necessary to justify moral decisions and 2) Is reason necessary to justify moral d ecisions. If this is possible then the proponent of this study will say no to the first and then say yes to the second question.But since the main topic used the phrase equally necessary then the answer is no meaning there is no need to bring both emotion and reason to the process of analysis of the line and ultimately giving the justification for a moral decision. To clarify what is meant by using emotion in the decision process, one has to revisit the example of Jane Goodall and his work with endangered species, it was her strong feelings of emotions, specifically empathy that allowed her to do so much.Using this understanding of emotion the proponent still cannot endorse the use of emotion to judge a moral case because even with strong emotions one can still be mistaken. An excellent example would be the events that transpired in Germany in World fight II. The residents of this nation enthusiastically embraced the idea given by Hitler that Jews deserve nothing but death and suf fering.The majority concur or at least the Nazis agreed that this is fact, even truth and they are responsible for the death of 6 million Jews. If one will go to Germany today and present the same ideas to present day Germans they will surely not react with the same fervor as they did in the time of Hitler but they will recoil in horror. This is a correct example of the subjectivity of emotions and therefore not needed to analyze tough moral issues.

A Book Review on ‘A Man on the Moon’ Essay Example for Free

A Book Review on A Man on the Moon EssayNot solely bulky authors can come up great educational book such as Andrew Chaikins A Man on the Moon The Voyages of the Apollo Astronauts. Moreover, non all true-to-life-stories writers are lucky to deliver such factual account having starting signal-hand information gained through interviews.As Chaikin have provided necessary details such as scientific technicalities, knowledge and feelings involved, running down from the role of politics, biographies, competitions, emotions, failures, accomplishments, trials, motives, sacrifices, faults, private thoughts and comments, up to the extent of constructing the blueprint, plans and programs of planetary explorations, his readers might not just be well-informed about it nevertheless completely aware of the ins and outs of manned space flight and landing on the moon. See moreThe Story of an Hour Literary Analysis EssayIn this book, what the author wants is to expose most of the elements of t he Apollo missions that only few people could know. He makes it possible as he did a thorough investigation of his craft. Doing a serial publication of in-depth interviews to almost hundred percent of the people behind the Apollo missions especially the twenty four moon voyagers is never easy. Likewise, pretending that the time doing the interview is dramatically cut down as it is makes his audience feel very closely enough to the scenario if not apprehensively feel updated.Hence, to be hooked in this astonishing book is nobody but normal. The main argument of the author is set to make available for everyone his own discovery of the profound history behind the historical explorations and discoveries from the initial first manned flight of the Apollo 8 around the moons vicinity in 1961 to the successful first landing on the moon of the Apollo 11 in 1972 and even beyond that as he reveals reflections of the sixth landing on the moon of the Apollo 17, which is also the last landing a s of today.This thesis is well-supported by first-hand interviews, academic reviews, scientific approach, and the legal and technical aspects which played very important roles in the Apollo missions golden age and its declination. Writing his work in a very understandable approach for easy reading and understanding of every historical detail paints the colorful adventures and voyages of every man and events behind the mission. Thus, it could also serve as a very rich reference for any research about space technology.Having been read A Man on the Moon inspires me not to stop accept of my every potential. As Chaikin discloses mans unlimited discoveries once ignite and properly supported of external factors, enlightens young minds to seek for the infinity. However, knowing that the final landing, as written on the book, happened decades ago can trigger the notion of stopping ones eagerness to dream and explore. Personally, I could say that the book is not just a thought-provoking one but heart-stopping as well.With those vivid illustrations of the interviewees that are intelligently interpreted and written by the author, it could make me feel as if I myself have competed for the moons flight seat or even touched moons face. Therefore, making me feel reviving my innermost interest to liberate my wildest dream of becoming an astronaut is the best proof that this book is truly an amazing masterpiece. RE F E R E N C E Chaikin, Andrew. A Man on the Moon The Voyages of the Apollo Atronauts. New York Penguin, 1998.

The Meaning of Art in Society

The Meaning of Art in SocietyIn this paper we will discuss the concept of art by presenting away perception, defining our preferred art forms and drawing a conclusion by applying the theory of aesthetics, semiology (semiotics) and hermeneutics. The main goal is to look at distinct art forms in order to evaluate the meaning and place of arts in our society.Animation as an art formAnimation, as an art form cornerstone be presented as entertainment, education, information, inspiration showing us the world in such a different way we do non imagine it. In this case, we understructure look at animators as artists and entertainers as well. They atomic number 18 forever and a day striving to give us a new perception of the surrounding environment and always doing it in such a funny and simple way. The power of animators is that they can attest edifying story in way that live action could not. By taking us in a new reality, life story professionals show us animated characters present ed as real human beings. We can find a lot of common with them because they are all like us with the entire behavior, attitude and emotional stateings. Thus, we could consider the animation as a mirror, reflection of our sustain physiologic and mental evolution. In this way, we can conclude that the victimization of animation goes together with the development of our society. With all the changes in our lives, the massage and the way it is delivered change as well. all told the art forms, including literature, ikon, sculpture, and dance are about telling a story or making a statement. As a part of this group animation is educational tool and inspiration for all generations because everyone could find nearly new and useful ideas in such a simple story. Going out of imagination limits this form is accessible for everyone no bet the age, social and financial status.Animation has a rich and long history. The first animation form came on the look in the early 1900s. J. Steward B lackton produced the first s extend-frame animated cartoon, titled Humorous Phases of a Funny Face, in 1906. Another early landmark was Winsor McCays Gertie the Dinosaur (1914), a common animated feature consisting of 10,000 illustrations hand-drawn on rice paper by the McCay and an assistant.The best known of these film animators was Walt Disney, who in 1928 produced Steamboat Willie starring Mickey Mouse, and who in 1937 brought to the American impression screen the first full-length animated film, Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs. Disney introduced numerous technical refinements and innovations intro his animated features in order to provide salienter realism and to heighten the illusion of depth.Since the early days, animators have used new technologies to their advantage. Some of the techniques used by animators nowadays include cel animation, clay animation, pixelation, rotoscoping, photo montage, puppe movement, cut-paper animation, and ready reckoner animation, Although t he artist remains a dominant figure in the animation process, the introduction of computers has brought about a major transformation in the animation industry. non only is computer automation cutting production time and costs, it is also producing startling new effects and unprecedented results in the animation features and programs being shown on our television screens, computer monitors, and movie screens.As technology continue to develop and gives us new tools and opportunities the animators will be challenged to use them in order to tell us new entertaining stories and show us the world in new and different way. The future of animation looks to be bright yet the development depends on the professionals ability to use the new technologies and methods in the right way striving always to get beyond spectators imagination. The premises for success are not far to seek.Hermeneutics of Animation Hermeneutics is the study of interpretation theory, and can be either the art of interpre tation, or the theory and practice of interpretation. Animation is interpreted as a picture of entertainment. People like to entertain themselves and animation is a good way to escape from the everyday pressure and relax. People always like to feel happy. Animation is inviting people to spend their free time by watching a good production and become a guilty pleasure for some of them. This art form is not about children, culture and social status. Wherever animation is hightail ited, class, race and nationality do no longer exist. Peoples roles of judgment and imagination play both in our experiences of animation and its critical interpretation, and reevaluate our current understandings of animations transformative power.Semiotics of Animation Semiotics deals with meanings and messages in all theirforms and in all their contexts(R.E. Innis,1985) the subject matter of semiotics is the exchange of any messages whatsoever in a word communication (T.A. Sebeok ,1994).Animation can be us ed to exploit familiar processes, or objects that have properties similar to the context of the intended message Animators must also appreciate the need to use appropriate levels of abstraction. Animations should not contain objects or actions which are so detailed that they cause information overload. Equally, animations should not contain objects or actions that are so abstract that they cannot be associated with the real life experiences of the viewer.Leaning dominate of PisaThe Leaning column of Pisa or simply the Tower of Pisa the campanile, or freestanding bell rule, of the cathedral of the Italian urban center of Pisa. It is situated behind the Cathedral and is the triplet oldest structure in Pisas Cathedral Square after the Cathedral and the Baptistery.Although intended to stand vertically, the tower began leaning to the southeast soon after the onset of construction in 1173 due to a poorly laid foundation and loose substrate that has allowed the foundation to shift di rection. The tower presently leans to the southwest.The Tower of Pisa is a practice of art, performed in three stages over a period of about 177 years. Construction of the first floor of the white marble campanile began on August 9, 1173, a period of military success and prosperity. This first floor is a blind arcade articulated by engaged columns with classical Corinthian capitals.According to me as any building construction which is manmade I think that the leaning tower of Pisa is a composing of art because of many reasons. It is considered to be a unique piece of art because of its structure and because of its existing. As you know this tower leans to southwest from its beginning and this made it a really prissy art element which is known in the entire word. The fact that everybody knows this deposit reconciles it an art form visited every year by tourists from all over the world. What I like in this monument and make it e real piece of art is that when they started to buil d, the tower collapsed because of the soft soil under it. People who were involved in this construction did not give up. By this time the Pisans (people from Pisa) were in civil war with Genoa, Lucca and Florence so they leave the tower for almost a century and after that they started to build again, because this was the symbol of their city and this shows their hump and passion to the city and why this monument is so special for them. In my opinion this is more than art this is some amour which is emblematic for the construction by this period. Another thing which makes this a unique piece of art is that after finishing the tower many of the famous painters started to visit Pisa and settle their camp near by the tower and paint many pictures from each side of the monument so they painted in different angle. Therefore today you can see many different pictures of leaning tower of Pisa sometimes is leaning left side, in other cases backwards. This is unique because each painter inter pret this tower by himself and shows to the world his own view and own understanding of this piece of art which is imbibed for many people which are involved in art. One more thing proving the uniqueness of this monument is that even today the great mass continues to sink very slowly. It is a question of about 1 mm. every year. Since nobody can state with numeric security that this sinking will continue in the future at the present yearly rate, without its ceasing, remedies by means of adequate measures, based on scientific studies and projects, are under consideration. In the meantime supervision with instruments of very high precision is continuously being carried out.In my opinion, the leaning tower of Pisa can be connceted to the semiology by this way. As we know semiology is a study of a sign and it can be applied to many things and one of them is architectural monuments as is this tower. So the tower in Pisa is absolute sign for the city and it is their symbol which represent s them in front of the entire world. Therefore the Pisans (locals) finished it when she collapsed, because they really want this monument to be in their city to show that the Italians did not give up. Nowadays when you hear Pisa the first association is the leaning tower therefore this is a sign which makes this city so famous and visited by many tourists every year.In conclusion I would like to say that it does not matter that this thing which you look at is something really unique or is something very simple like a small stone standing in the corner of an art gallery everything can be art it depends on how you see the things and how they touch your sense. We can find art all over the place it depends on the ways of seeing.The Eiffel TowerThis is a 19th century iron lattice tower located on the Champ de Mars in Paris that has become both a spheric icon of France and one of the most recognizable structures in the world. The Eiffel Tower, which is the tallest building in Paris, is t he single most visited paid monument in the world millions of people wax it every year. Named after its designer, engineer Gustave Eiffel, the tower was built as the entrance arch for the 1889 Worlds Fair. The tower stands at 324 m tall, It was the tallest structure in the world from its uttermost until 1930, when it was eclipsed by the Chrysler Building in New York City. The tower has three levels for visitors. The walk to the first level is over 300 steps, as is the walk from the first to the foster level. The third and highest level is accessible only by lift. The tower has become the most prominent symbol of both Paris and France. Its iconic status is so established that it even serves as a symbol for the entire nation of France, such as when it was used as the logo for the French bid to troops the 1992 Summer Olympics. When it was built after its completion it was considered to be one of the ugliest buildings in the world, but for me this is incredible piece of art and now it is one of the most fulgurant buildings in the world. I have been under the Eiffel Tower and thing which impress me a lot is the design. If we have to say something about how it is connected to tourism we comely must notice how touristy is more than 200,000,000 people have visited the tower since its construction in 1889, including 6,719,200 in 2006, making it the most visited paid monument in the world. Another interesting thing which is good to be mentioned is that The Eiffel Tower is also very reproductive As one of the most iconic images in the world, the Eiffel Tower has been the inspiration for dozens of duplicate and similar towers around the world.Aesthetics is concerned with the theory of beauty, but today it tends to be just concerned with the question of how we check whether a work of art is good or not. Most judgments of this sort are based on either issues of form or content. For me the Eiffel Tower is great piece of work. From aesthetics point of view in order to maintain a uniform appearance to an observer on the ground, three separate alter of paint are used on the tower, with the darkest on the bottom and the lightest at the top. On occasion the colour of the paint is changed the tower is currently painted a shade of brownish-grey. On the first floor there are interactive consoles hosting a poll for the colour to use for a future session of painting the only non-structural elements are the four decorative grillwork arches, added in Stephen Sauvestres sketches, which served to reassure visitors that the structure was safe, and to frame views of other nearby architecture.Hermeneutics This is essentially the philosophy of interpretation and meaning. It began as the study Biblical texts, but in the last 450 years has expanded to cover all forms of culture. There are a number of different approaches to hermeneutics but they all deal with very similar questions and issues. How is our interpretation influenced and determined by our level of kn owledge and our position in history, society and culture? How can we try to ensure that our interpretation of signifiers, words, language, arts, culture is a good one?I think that Eiffel Tower is piece of art because it is so great and tall, built so many years ago the tallest building in Europe. In the beginning the Paris citizens did not like it but now it is one of the most popular buildings in the world. The Eiffel Tower becomes very popular tourist attraction. So many people are going to see this attraction every year, to climb to top where they can see half of Paris. For me it is very beautiful land art. It inspires me when I am on top the feeling is great, built from so many fragments and so many people are working to keep it in perfect condition for the tourist. For conclusion I want to say that for me The Eiffel Tower is something very nice and everyone has to climb to the top to feel the wind.

Study On The Portuguese Conquest History Essay

Study On The Lusitanian Conquest History EssayThe Malacca, beca subprogram the strategic position on the strait bearing the same name, it become more and more im curtain raisingnt for trading and shunting of spices like pepper, cloves, ginger, cinnamon, and nutmeg. The Malacca also become a remarkable trading center field or port for all the merchants from all the Asian nations of the time, for example, Persia, Arabia, China, India, Bengal, Indonesia, Ceylon, and Japan. afterward Portuguese conquering Goa in India, the Portuguese start awareness about the importance of Malacca. They started to make all the information about the Malacca from every seaman who came to Goa. In order to access the strength of Malacca, an expeditionary force was sent there in five ships commanded by Diego Lopez de Sequeira and they arrived in Melaka on 11th rarefied 1509. later that de Sequeira sent one of the captains ashore and negotiated with the Sultan of Malacca. only if this action has been fa iled because of Indian and Arab Muslim persuaded the Sultan and the Bendahara of Malacca does not trust the Portuguese. At the end many of the Portuguese were capture and imprisoned by the Sultan Malacca.In 1511, Afonso de Albuquerque, the Governor and Captain-General of the east more or less were decided to organize an expedition to conquer Malacca. Afonso de Albuquerque collected a fleet of 18 ships and 1,400 men and arrived the Malacca harbor on 1st July 1511. The Afonso de Albuquerque demanded the return of captive but the Sultan of Malacca, Sultan Mahmud Syah made an excuse to delay the time so that they can strengthen the citadelifications and stockades on both sides of the bridge and the river but Afonso de Albuquerque didnt countervail their time. When 25 July 1511, they brush uped the town by concentrating on ascertain the assault on the bridge on the river dividing the town. After released the Portuguese prisoner, Afonso de Albuquerque was not satisfied, when 25 July 1511, he arranged attack again on the city. The city was divided into two parts, which is the main town on side of the river, and the suburbiaan areas where the throwrs lived on the other. But this time of attack was failed they forced to bow out when at nightfall.After a few days preparation, Portuguese attacked Malacca again and this time finally Malacca fell to the Portuguese on August 1511. On 24 August 1511, Portuguese discover Sultan Mahmud Syah and his family escape and retreat to Ulu Bertam, Pahang. Portuguese sacked the town, but following Albuquerques orders, they respected the property of those who sided with them.After conquest Malacca, to strengthens and defend the Portuguese base, Portuguese immediately build a justification which is call A famosa on the south side of the Malacca river. Beside built the fortress, Portuguese also built Governors Palace, the Bishops Palace, the Government council chambers, several churches, barracks, two hospitals, monastery and a prison. Ruy de Brito Patalim was appointed by Albuquerque as the Governor and Nina Chattu as the Prime Minister. After naturalized the Malacca, Albuquerque was encouraged the merchants to reopen their businesses and built up the friendship to Siam, Java, China, and to the Moluccas island.In order to make buying and selling easier, Albuquerque issued a new happen uponage at Melaka. Although most of the trading was done by barter, there was some trading by using the Malay tin coins. The new Portuguese coins were of tin or copper, fluent and gold.Although Malacca had fallen to the Portuguese, the Sultan Mahmud Syah put one across a base at Johore. During from 1511 till 1526, Sultan Mahmud Syah and his son Sultan Ahmad had continuous sent their army to attack the Portuguese. At the end, in 1583, a peace treaty was signed. However, the Portuguese strong enemy is Acheh in North Sumatra, which was across the Straits of Melaka. It is because the Sultan of Acheh was the champion of Is lam and have a big trading pepper in Sumatera. The Sultan of Acheh wanted to capture Melaka and attacked it several times, but at the end they were not successful.In 1602-1603, the Dutch blockaded Malacca by sea, but this was only a first timid attempt. In 1606, Johore and the Dutch concluded an alliance against the Portuguese and in 1607 they set again the town under siege. The Dutch made several fruitless attempts between 1623 and 1627, and in 1633. The defenders of Portuguese run out of their gun power and with a severe scarcity of food when the last siege of combining the Dutch-Johore fleet of 1.500 Dutchmen, 1.500 Malays, 12 Dutch ships, 6 sloops and 40 Johore vessels during in June 1640. Dutch commander Willmsoon Kartekoe ordered the last desperate assault on January 1641 but the Portuguese defender made a fierce resistance and finally Dutch driven back.But in situation desperation, honourable terms of surrender have been offered by Dutch commander to Portuguese and the Portug uese commander accepted the generous terms. After the Portuguese commander dying, he was buried by the Dutch with military honours in the church of So Domingo. The city of Malacca was so in Portuguese hands from 24 August 1511 till 14 January 1641.Reason Portuguese venture to the easterlyThePortuguesewere the first Europeans to dominate trade in SEA and the first to set up trading posts in military-occupied ports . They defeated Moslem naval forces in 1509 and seizedMalaccain1511, until the Dutch captured it in1641. Southeast Asia felt Portuguese impact the least. The Portuguese controlled only the small territory of East TimorDuring the 15th century, Portugal heralded its Age of Discovery and became inexhaustible in its quest to discover fo ordinance lands and expand its flyspeck soil. Initiated by Infante Don Enrique, popularly known as Prince Henry the Navigator (1394-1460), who encouraged his people to add-on their knowledge and expand their trading activities to the Far Ea st, the Portuguese embarked on countless missions by land and sea.Their purpose, in addition to searching for Guinea gold and expanding their tiny kingdom to become one of the most powerful nations in the world, was to spread the Christian Gospel and reduce the influence of Islam in the East. Portuguese were bent on spreading the gospel to the East and replacing Islam with Christianity.The Portuguese also had another important reason to venture to the East is to search for Guinea gold where unparalleled Asian spices which had become essential in their part of the world, in flavouring and preserving their food. Keeping consistent in their animosity against the Muslims and fuelled by their search for Asian spices, the Portuguese were intent on diverting the Asian spice trade away from the Muslims. The only way to do this was to stop obtaining the Asian spices from the Muslim Empire in Egypt and Syria, and instead, chart a new spice route near the Cape of Good Hope. The efforts of th e Portuguese made them the first European nation that came to the South East Asia in search of Asian spies.Another reason for the Portuguese venturing to the East is to search for the mythical priest-king, Prester John, ruling over a powerful Christian kingdom in known as, the Indies. They believed that with his help, they could conquer the Muslims in the East. In addition, since Muslims had dominated the route via land, they decided to find a new route by sea to the East.The judicature of Portuguese in MalaccaCaptains-Major of Malacca (1512-1641)Captains-MajorFromUntilRui de Brito Patalim15121514Jorge de Albuquerque (1st time)15141516Jorge de Brito15161517Nuno Vaz Pereira15171518Afonso Lopes da Costa15181519Garcia de S (1st time)15191521Jorge de Albuquerque (2nd time)15211525Pero de Mascarenhas15251526Jorge Cabral15261528Pero de Faria15281529Fortaleza de MalacaFortaleza de Malaca is a fortress organisation which is a quadrilateral tower. It was constructed at the foot of the fort ress hill, next to the sea. To its east was constructed a circular wall of mortar and stone with a well in the middle of the enclosure. This construction is fully fortify the fortress hill. The four gateways were built for the cities are Porta de Santiago, The gateway of the Custom House Terrace, Porta de Sao Domingos, and Porta de Santo Antonio. All of these gateways only two were in common use which is Gate of Santo Antonio and the gateway of the Custom House Terrace. Gate of Santo Antonio is linking to the suburb of Yler and gateway of the Custom House Terrace giving access to Tranqueira and its bazaar.Porta de Santiagoporta de santiago.jpgporta de santiago2.jpgThe Porta de Santiago is one of the four main gates of the A Famosa fortress. It was built by the Portuguese in 1512 under the command of Alfonso de Albuquerque. This magnificent fort had successfully protected the Portuguese position in Melaka, until it was overrun by the Dutch. It was damaged during the attack, but the D utch later repaired and renamed it VOC with an embossed emblem. But unfortunately what is left-hand(a) until today is nothing more than a gateway called Porta de Santiago.The town of Malacca during the Portuguese eraTranqueiraThe most important suburb of Malacca is at Tranqueira. The suburb was rectangular in shape, with a northern walled boundary, the straits of Malacca to the south and the river of Malacca and thefortalezaswall to the east. It was the main residential quarters of the city. However, in war, the hearthstone of the quarters would be evacuated to the fortress. Tranqueira was divided into a further two parishes, which is So Tom and So Estvo. The parish of S.Tom was calledCampon Chelimor we call it Kampung Keling. It was draw that this area was populated by the Chelis of Choromandel. The other suburb of So Estvo was also called Campon Chinaor Kampung Cina.Erdia described the houses as made of timber but roofed by tiles. A stone bridge with sentry crosses the river Ma lacca to provide access to the Malacca Fortress via the easterly Custome House Terrace. The center of trade of the city was also located in Tranqueira near the beach on the mouth of the river called theBazaar of the Jaosthat is Javanese.Tranqueira, this part of the city was noneffervescent calledTengkera.YlerYler or we call it Hilir roughly covered Buquet China which is bukit cina and the south-eastern coastal area. The important water source for the community is the Well of Buquet China. The Church of the Madre De Deus and the Convent of the Capuchins of So Francisco is at the Buquet China. Another notable landmark included Buquetpiatto which is built piatu. The extreme boundaries of this unwalled suburb were said to be as far as Buquetpipi and Tanjonpacer.Tanjonpacer or Tanjung Pasir was later renamed Ujong Pasir. A settlement of Portuguese descent community is located there in present day Malacca. This suburb of Yler is now known as Banda Hilir.SabbaThe houses on this suburb wer e built on the water edges of the river. Some of the original Muslim Malay inhabitants of Malacca lived in the swamps ofNypeirastree, where they madeNypa wine by distillation for trade. This suburb was considered the most rural, being a transition to the Malacca hinterland, where timber and charcoal traffic passed through into the city. Several parishes also lie outside the city along the river. In later periods of Dutch, British and modern day Malacca, the name of Sabba was made obsolete. However, its area encompassed parts of what is now Banda Kaba, Bunga Raya and Kampung Jawa in Malacca city.The monetary system in MalaccaIn 1511, the ViceRoy of India, Afonso de Albuquerque, invaded Malacca. The Portuguese ruled Malacca for 130 years. In January 1641 the Dutch took hands of Malacca.Portuguese coinage in the East Indies was taken with(p) at Malacca from the year of its conquest 1511, until the Dutch occupation in 1641. Base metal coins were struck for the Portuguese sovereign Emma nuel (1495-1521) and his successors, silver from the reign of Philip II (1598-1621) and Philip III (1621-1640).The Portuguese only focus on doing main business after conquers the Malacca. In India and Malacca, the first thing Portuguese will did wherever they were was to deal coins with which to do that business. In 1511, Portuguese were struck a few gold and silver coins and a set of denominations in tin by the governor da Albuquerque opened a European style establishment. Although there was already have a mint in Malacca.The gold and silver were struck mostly to gift sovereignty, and were sent back to Portugal to show the king that he had a new piece of real estate.There were basically 3 denominations of tin coins struck at the Malacca mint big ones called bastardo, their tenth, called soldo, and later a tenth soldo, called dinheiro. The weight relation of the bastardo and soldo started out fairly correct, but the bastardo became light fairly quickly, and the soldo, and later th e dinheiro, became tokens. Latterly, a half dinheiro, or bazaruco, was struck.Over the 130 years of Portuguese occupation about 20 tin eccentrics were struck, in several dozen major and boor varieties.During the closing decade of the Portuguese period, there were also some silver coins struck at the Malacca mint, for example, tangas, multiples, and fractions.In addition, a few silver and gold coins were struck at Goa and Lisbon for Malacca. All there are extremely rare.The Portuguese CurrencyIn 1511, during the reign of King Dom Mnuell, the gold and silver coin were struck in Malacca by mind set up by Governor Alfonso DAlbuquerque from the first year of the occupation. Among the initial currency issues were the commemorative Catolico and the Meio Catolico, both minted in gold and, the third commemorative in silver, the Malaques, named after Malacca.During the reign of King Dom Joao III, the De Castro issue and the Malacca Mint issue are two dismantle coinages in Malacca. The De C astro issue was struck during the governorship of Dom Joao de Castro, the 4th Viceroy of Indis (1545-1548) was in gold as well as in tin. The gold coins were the escudo de Sao Tome and the Quarter Escudo de Sao Tome, minted in Lisbon and Goa for circulation in India and the ten Portuguese territories. The tin coins were the Bastardo, Soldo and Dinheiro which were also minted in Lisbon for circulation in Malacca.The coinage of King Dom Sebastiao, the tin coins have the divergent distinctive between bastardo, Soldo and Dinheiro. On the Bastardo, the armillary sphere was replaced by crossed arrows and the letter S B. The Soldo had either double arrows a or triple arrows and the garner B A, for the Dinheiro, there were at least two issues, one with the armillary and triple arrows on the other sailing ship replaced by the sphereDuring the reign of King Dom Felipe II (1598-1621) there had been no official record of any coins minted at or for Malacca market. Only the silver piece known b y us and there is no distinctive tin coins appear to have issued by the Malacca Mint. They were only in four denominationa, the first is Half Tanga, the southward is Tanga, the third is Double Tanga and the forth is Quadruple Tanga. This Quadruple Tang was struck between the years 1633-1636 at the Malacca Mint or may be at the Goa Mint specially designed and issued for Malacca. All denominations of silver Tanga of Malacca with the mintmark of A M or M A of the Malacca Mint.Dom Manuel I 1495 1521 morsel issue Dom Manuel.gifsecond issue Dom Manuel reverse.gifSecond issue1512 1515 (De Brito Patalims coinage).Bastardo, pewter, 49,06 gram, 37,5 mm.Obverse Sphere with legend around D(om) M(anuel) P(rimeiro) R(ei) DE PV(rugal) S(enh)OR D(a) I(ndia) E MALA(acca)Reverse Cross of the Order of Christ with legend around CRVX XPI NOSTRE SPES VNICAShaw Kassim 7, E.E.Sim cfr. E1 35Third issue Don Manuel reverse.gifThird issue Don Manuel.gifThird Issue1517 1521These coins were issued under the authority of a new governor, Dom Aleixo de Menezes, who arrived in Malacca in June 1517.Bastardo, pewter, 13,82 gram, 29 mm.Obverse Crowned Portuguese shield with inscription around I EMANVEL R(EX) P(ORTUGALIA) ET A(LGARBIORUM) D(OMINUS) (G)VINE + (Manuel I King of Portugal and the Algarve, Lord of Guinea). On each side of the shield + V. The type with + V, is not mentioned in E.E.Sim.Reverse armillary sphere.H.T.Grogan 1296, Shaw Kassim 14, E.E.Sim %, Sim 20-25Dom Joo III 1521 1557Dinheiro.gifDinheiro2.gifDinheiro, pewter, 1,59 gram, 19 mm.Obverse Cross surrounded be the legend + IOA(NNES) III. POR(TUGALIA) ET AL(GARBIORUM) (John III King of Portugal and the Algarve).Reverse The Armillary SphereShaw Kassim 19, H.T.Grogan 1302, Sim J3.07Dom Sebastio 1557 1578Half soldo_dinheiro.gifHalf soldo_dinheiro2.gifHalf soldo/Dinheiro ?,pewter, 2,13 gram, 17-19 mmObverse Three arrows crossed and tied in the centre between the letters B A. Large power point on each side on the top of th e central arrow.The two dots and the B A indicated perhaps it is a 2 bazarucos ?Reverse The Armillary Sphere. The zodiacal belt rises from the left to right.Shaw Kassim 25, H.T.Grogan 1312, Sim S.18Bazaruco2.gifBazaruco.gifBazaruco, pewter, 1,12 gram, 13 mmObverse The crowned Arms of PortugalReverse CrossHalf soldo2.gifHalf soldo.gifHalf Soldo ?, pewter, 2,46 gram, 18,5 mmObverse The Crowned Arms of Portugal.Reverse A sailing ship left.Shaw Kassim 24Sim S.19Philip III, 1620 1640Meia tanga.gifMeia tanga2.gifMeia tanga(1/2 tanga) 1635, silver, 15-15,5 mm, 1,03 gram.Obverse Crowned Portuguese shield with mintletters beside A M (Asia Malacca).Reverse Monogram of value T A, besides D M (De Malacca), below the year 1635.1 tanga 1631.gif1 tanga2 1631.gif1 tanga 1631, silver, 17,5 18 mm, 3,05 gram.Obverse Crowned Portuguese shield with mintletters beside A M (Asia Malacca)Reverse Monogram of value T A, besides D M (De Malacca), below the year 1631.Mitchener 3156, Sim F3-242 tanga. gif2tangabs 2.gif2 tanga(half xerafins?) 1631, Silver, 25 mm, 6,04 gramObververse Crowned Portuguese shield with mintletters beside A M (Asia Malacca)Reverse Monogram of value ? T A, besides D M (De Malacca), below the year 1631.The financial system of Portuguese conquer Malacca and other placesIn all ports controlled by Portuguese, Albuquerque instituted the system of the cartaz. Cartaz was a naval trade license or pass issue by the Portuguese in the Indian Ocean during the sixteeth century, this cartaz system is under the rule of the Portuguese empire.In 1443, Prince Henry the Navigator was initiate the licensing of vessels with consent of the king and the Pope, when he decreed a monopoly on navigation in the west African coast Portuguese Mare clausim policy in the Atlantic Ocean have been starting. All the ships began to be licensed by Portugal, which authorized and supported navigation, further investment in exploration travel by Portuguese and foreigners in exchange for par t of the profits.In 1502, the cartazes licensing system was created and the main purpose of this system was to go out that merchants paid the tax in Portuguese trading posts, guaranteeing its monopoly on the spice trade and other products. It actually bring advantage to local commerce, the low personify of the cartaz system, granting merchant ships protection against pirates and rival state. They protection racket, plus customs duties and some outright piracy, raised the money to defray part of the cost of manning garrisons and maintaining the navy chthonian cartaz system, every vessel will be receive a document to sail in the Indian coast, no vessel was permitted to sail in the Indian coast without this document, they may risking losing their cargo or being attacked and withal sunk by Portuguese. Mainly Muslim, Hindu and Malay merchant ships without this document. Every year, Portuguese fleets patrolled the coasts to lease this document. As Portuguese lost influence, the issue of cartazes becomes an important source of income for the crown.The cartaz system enabled the Portuguese to exercise some control over trading networks that they could not dominate. In time, they raised further revenues by selling concessions for specific maritime trade routes to Asian ship-owners. In the mid-16th century, Asian merchants were shipping their goods on Portuguese ships and vice versa. And even the Portuguese ships were crewed by men from Arabia, Malabar, Gujarat, Malaysia and Indonesia, with perhaps one or two Portuguese officers. Pidgin Portuguese became thelingua francaof the Indian Ocean ports.

Frankfurt Schools Contribution To Popular Culture Cultural Studies Essay

capital of Kentucky civilises Contribution To Popular ending Cultural Studies EssayThe idea that assimilation is muss produced came from two German academics named Theodore Adorno and Max Horkheimer. These two intellectuals, who would later begin a cultural enquiry, were members of The capital of Kentucky School. This institute was established in 1923 and consisted of many otherwise(a) German left-winged intellectuals. It was very much interested in the ideas of Karl Marx and Sigmund Freud and therefore endeavoured to study the emergence of capitalist societies through the exploration of Marxism and psychoanalysis. This is what The Frankfurt School attendred to as hypercritical theory. The Frankfurt School, Adorno and Horkheimer in particular, were interested in studying popular refinement and the mass production of cultural arte accompaniments which they later referred to as the culture exertion.In purchase secernate to explore The Frankfurt Schools contribution to our u nderstanding of popular culture, firstly we need to ask what is culture? The word culture suggests a particular way of life, whether of a people, a period or a group. (Storey, 2006.1) It force stunned also refer to the works and practices of intellectual and especially artistic activities. (Storey, 2006.1) The word cultivate was used to refer to the cultivation of land but now it can refer to the cultivation of the mind. Culture plays an important part in how human societies communicate with each other and how the new technological developments which contribute to this create a new type of culture known as popular culture.An obvious starting point in any attempt to define popular culture is to say that popular culture is simply culture which is widely favoured or well liked by many people. (Storey, 2006.4)Popular culture is centred on consumerism and is dominated by money there is no part of popular culture that one doesnt have to move over for. Popular culture produces products known as commodities which have a use value and an exchange value. A goodness is only a commodity if it can be replaced by something else. Commodity fetishism was an idea that came out of popular culture. Capitalist organisations fetishize commodities and invest them with power that they do not really have. They discourage us from asking where the things we consume actually come from. These companies do not want us to think to the highest degree this process. The idea that capitalist companies are manipulating the thoughts of the masses astir(predicate) what they consume and the great power that they have leads us to the term mass culture.In a mass culture, industrialised society there are no longer the same traditional values. The idea of an organic community no longer exists.The individual is left more and more to his or her own devices, has few and fewer communities or institutions in which to find identity or values by which to give way, and has less and less idea of the mo rally appropriate ways to live.(Strinati, 2004.6)The Frankfurt School argue that the culture sedulousness is killing the desire that might let us imagine a better world. They have an ideal popular opinion of what human beings are capable of. The institute believes that we could never create a better world as long as we are part of this commodity culture. Adorno stated that the culture industry does not give the mass any responsibility for the culture that they are consuming, yet the masses are unaware of this which explains their passivity in accepting it.Although the culture industry undeniably speculates on the conscious and unconscious state of the millions towards which it is directed, the masses are not primary but secondary. . . The guest is not king, as the culture industry would have us believe, not its subject but its object. (Strinati, 2004.55)This point further emphasises the power that the culture industry has on the masses. With living in a culturally industrialised society comes conformity. Conformity replaces the consciousness of the masses according to The Frankfurt School. They believed that the masses are dependent on the culture industry and that the masses themselves are no longer producing culture.Through researching the works of The Frankfurt School, we can understand that the masses are oblivious to the mass controlled culture in which they live due to the face that everything is pseudo-individualised. Products that were being produced by the culture industry were all standardised. This meant that they all had certain characteristics that made them significantly similar. The Frankfurt School, Theodore Adorno in particular, realised that the industry knew that standardised products would sell and therefore they needed to be given a supposed uniqueness to provoke the masses to ride out buying them. This was referred to as pseudo-individualism.The Frankfurt School stated that the culture industry created false call for in the pursuit o f profit while ignoring the true require of humans. According to The Frankfurt School the cultural industry and mass culture,. . . shapes the tastes and preferences of the masses, thereby moulding their consciousness by instilling the desire for false needs. (Strinati, 2004.55)They point out that the capitalist industries bring in a lot of profit through what they called waste production. They generated products that, in the opinion of The Frankfurt School, the masses did not need. Masses convey so enthralled in the culture industry that their consciousness is overridden. The masses become in addition interested in the falsehoods that the industry has created and tend to forget about satisfying their true human needs. The school argues that it is due to all of this that the culture industry maintains its stability.With regards to true and false needs, Theodore Adorno once wrote, The indistinguishability of true and false needs is an essential part of the present phase one day it will be readily apparent that men do not need the sparkler provided them by the culture industry. (Adorno, Theodore W, The Culture Industry revisited at http//books.google.co.uk.p.156 accessed on 27/10/10)Another point that The Frankfurt School has highlighted to us in order to contribute to our understanding of popular culture is that a lot of culture is very homogeneous. They believed that all aspects of popular culture were generic and predictable. They could not fathom the fact that the masses were accepting this constant reproduction of the same thing. They believed that people should want something more something different and challenging. The culture industry followed a formula. The reason for the formulaic complex body part of the industry and the way in which its products were produces was because it was successful. This particular formula and method of mass producing standardised products generated profit.When referring to this great power that the culture industry has, Adorno says,Today anyone who is incapable of public lecture in the prescribed fashion, that is of effortlessly reproducing the formulas, conventions and judgements of mass culture as if they were his own, is threatened in his very existence, suspected of being an idiot or an intellectual. (Adorno, 1991. 79)Critics of The Frankfurt School say that they do not appreciate just how diverse and hybrid popular culture is. They also say that The Frankfurt School invest too much power in the culture industry and that they consider capitalism as being more stable than it actually is. Critics believe that the culture industry has a lot more potential than The Frankfurt School gives it credit for.The term culture has been described by Richard Williams as, One of the two or ternary most complicated words in the English language. (Storey, 2006.1)Although some agree with this statement, The Frankfurt School has contributed greatly to our understanding of popular culture by high spot how cultur e has become commercialised in the pursuit of profit. It points out to us that in a culturally industrialised society, no one thinks for themselves and that they consume this culture because it has been imposed onto them. The authenticity and traditional aspects of culture are no longer present and we can now come to the realisation that we will always live in a culture that is controlled by capitalism and consumerism. Everything that is presented to us, including the false needs that the industry provides is all in the interests of capital and profit. Our ability to understand how the culture industry works is aided greatly by the work of The Frankfurt School.ReferencesStorey, John (2006) Cultural Theory and Popular Culture An IntroductionStrinati, Dominic (2004) An Introduction to Theories of Popular Culture (Second Edition)Adorno, Theodore W (1991) The Culture Industry

Analysis of To Kill a Mockingbird by Harper Lee :: To Kill a Mockingbird Essays

Analysis of To eradicate a Mockingbird by Harper LeeBorn in Monroeville, Alabama, on April 28, 1926, Nelle Harper Lee is the youngest of three children of Amassa Coleman Lee and Francis Lee. Before his death, overleap Lees father and her older sister, Alice, practiced law together in Monroeville. When one considers the account of honor that runs throughout Miss Lees novel, it is perhaps significant to note that her family is related to Confederate General Robert E. Lee, a man especially noted for his devotion to that virtue.Miss Lee received her early education in the Monroeville public schools. Following this, she entered the University of Alabama to study law. She left there to spend a year in England as an exchange student. Returning to the university, she continued her studies, but left in 1950 without having completed the requirements for her law degree. She moved to New York and worked as an airline reservation clerk. sheathIt is said that Miss Lee personally resembles the t omboy she describes in the character of Scout. Her dark straight hair is worn cut in a perfectly style. Her main interests, she says, are collecting the memoirs of nineteenth century clergymen, golf, crime, and music. She is a Whig in political thought and believes in Catholic emancipation and the repeal of the corn laws.Sources Of To Kill A MockingbirdAmong the sources for Miss Lees novel are the following(1) National events This novel focuses on the role of the Negro in Southern living, a life with which Miss Lee has been intimately associated. Although it does not deal with civil rights as such - for example, the right to vote - it is greatly concerned with the problem of human self-respect - dignity based on individual merit, not racial origin. The bigotry of the characters in this novel greatly resembles that of the people in the South today, where the fictional Maycomb County is located.(2) special Persons Atticus Finch is the principal character in this novel. He bears a close resemblance to Harper Lees father, whose middle name was Finch. In addition to both organism lawyers, they are identical in character and personality - humble, intelligent and hard-working.(3) Personal Experience Boo Radleys house has an aura of fantasy, superstition, and curiosity for the Finch children. There was a similar house in Harper Lees childhood. Furthermore, Miss Lee grew up amid the Negro prejudice and violence in Alabama.