The World s Dependence On Fossil Fuels - 1706 Words

The World’s Dependence on Fossil Fuels Introduction: When you think of fossil fuels what comes to mind? Perhaps you think of the massive oil rigs set up around the world or maybe your mind wonders to how fossil fuels formed in the Earth millions of years ago. Truthfully the full extent of our usage of fossil fuels around the world is widely not realized. Around the Christmas season as you decorate your Christmas trees consider this: if your Christmas tree is artificial then it is likely manufactured with fossil fuels. The lights, ornaments, and other various decorations are made using fossil fuels as well. Even something as simple as getting ready in the morning likely involves at least three items whose manufacturing required the usage of fossil fuels. Fossil fuel is being used at an alarming rate across the world and doesn’t show any signs of slowing. Despite this, our great dependence is rarely addressed. This discussion is meant to highlight the world’s dependence on fossil fuels, the impact on the world if we were to run out of fossil fuels, and how we can wean ourselves away from this dependence on a resource that is nonrenewable and disappearing quickly. Section I: The World’s Dependence on Fossil Fuels We as humans often do not think in macro terms. Rather, we tend to think in the micro perspective. What is directly affecting us at this very moment? That is the subject that is on our minds. But what if we changed that perspective to the macro perspective for theShow MoreRelatedThe World s Dependence On Fossil Fuels1785 Words   |  8 PagesRunning head: THE WORLD’S DEPENDENCE ON FOSSIL FUELS 1 The World’s Dependence On Fossil Fuels Is The Top Ecological Problem Kareem Singleton Rutgers University Running head: THE WORLD’S DEPENDENCE ON FOSSIL FUELS 2 The global dependence on fossil fuels is a major ecological problem, and it has had negative impacts on the natural ecosystem of the globe. The world must change its dependence on fossil fuels and make the top energyRead MoreFossil Fuels : The World s Primary Energy Source952 Words   |  4 PagesFossil fuels are currently the world s primary energy source. Fossil fuel includes coal, natural gas, and oil. In 2015, The United States consumed 97.7 billion btu of energy, 81% of that was from fossil fuels (U.S. Energy Information Administration, 2016). Fossil fuel use will cause air and water pollution that will negatively affect all life on Earth. In 2012, it was estimated that air pollution caused 6.5 million deaths worldwide (WHO, 2016). These pollutants can worsen or cause respiratory andRead MoreBio-Fuels Are Better than Fossil Fuels1336 Words   |  6 PagesFossil fuel plays leading role in upsetting environmental, economical and climate protection. Our earth is at c atastrophic risk by the exploitation of fossil fuels. Therefore, pressure is on to find viable alternatives for energy to bring a stable, safe and clean revolution. In that case, bio-fuels make an attractive alternative for energy than fossil fuels. Various provocative questions need discussion that what are the attractive differences between both the fuels? Why fossil fuel dependence isRead MoreSustainability And Construction Practices : Department Of Civil Engineering1256 Words   |  6 Pages The main aim of renewable energy is to regenerate the fossil fuels to save it for our future generations. It is much less expensive to save energy than to generate renewable energy. SOLAR POWER IN RENEWABLE ENERGY : The sun provides enough energy in one minute to supply the worlds energy needs for one year. Mainly solar energy used in producing electricity and hot water etc. By producing electricity from solar power we use photovoltaic s (PV) for convert solar power to electricity. PhotovoltaicRead MoreAlternative Energy And Renewable Energy1668 Words   |  7 Pagesgrown, as well as our dependence on them. Nowadays, power and electricity are in every facet of our daily lives. Due to this, we overlook several negative effects our traditional use of fossil fuels have caused. Fossil fuels are fuel deposits that were formed hundreds of millions of years ago, which is where the term fossil fuels come from. The two most common fossil fuels currently in use are coal and oil, which power the majority of our infrastructure. However, fossil fuels are known to have someRead More Solar Energy Essay1618 Words   |  7 PagesSolar Energy ~Some history, types, and facts~ In this modern fast paced world that we live in, there are many issues that are looked over, energy is one of these. As a world, we are dependant on dwindling fossil fuel supplies and take for granted electricity, oil, and gas. There are four completely renewable sources of energy around us that should be used and developed, they are: wind, growing plants, flowing water, and the sun. 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Steam engines were used in steam locomotives, steam tractors and steam ships (B.Nebel and R.Wright 1995). Stationary steam engines were rapidly established in all the major industries. The major fuel for steam engines was firewood. By the end of the 1800#8217;s, the demand for energy wasRead MoreUnited States Energy Crisis During 1970 Essay examples1271 Words   |  6 PagesThe energy crisis of the 1970’s caused authorities to search out other renewable sources of energy, which currently remain undeveloped and keep the U.S. today generally dependant on foreign fuel. According to Merriam Webster dictionary, a crisis is a â€Å" difficult or dangerous situation that needs serious attention.† The energy crisis of the 1970’s produced a backlash that affected much of the economy and spread fear and panic over the United States. Energy Crisis (1970’s) states that the crisis officiallyRead MoreCan We Americans Switch From Non Renewable Diesel Fuel1573 Words   |  7 PagesCan we Americans switch from non-renewable diesel fuel, to renewable biodiesel? I believe this switch is vital to our future. With gasoline prices volatile and the Obama administration committed to easing the United States addiction to oil, many Americans seem to be taking more interest in pursuing alternative fuels. These alternative fuels include those derived from farm crops and other renewable organic sources. Among the most widely available are biodiesel and vegetable oil, both of which can

How and Why are Latinos Becoming a Powerful Group in American Politics Essay Example For Students

How and Why are Latinos Becoming a Powerful Group in American Politics? Essay How and why are Latinos becoming a powerful group in America Politics? The vice president Joe Biden calls the Hispanics powerful force in America politics Hispanic, Latinos has become a bigger group since 2011, the number has increase a lot. A high number but Hispanic has made big changes in America, help out in some ways. Where fighting for the dream act and know there giving us a chance to have a job and a license. Latinos are coming to the United States for more opportunities and have another life. But Latinos are being part of America by having a lot of population. They come by immigration or by Latinas moms having a lot of kids that’s how Latinos are growing in the United States The census Bureau says the 52 million Hispanic in this country are accounted for 6.7% of the nation’s populations in 2011 and the pew reason center has predicted hardly a third of the U.S population. Latinos are growing even more they say we become a higher name seen 2011 know there’s more; Joe is surprise with the amount is in America. If had to be emotional, fill all of you with the pride how the first day those dreamers were eligible to apply for deferred action thousands line up after block after block Biden said. People is trying to get dream act but some of the can’t apply for it, know they could get there license and there permission to work on the U. S .everyone in this room, maybe more than anyone in the country understands we’ve got a lot more to do, and we will not rest in this administration until we find a permanent path. Joe Biden gave some good speech, they’re going to be more Hispanic voting in America and that’s something good. there are good and bad for Hispanic are becoming a large group in a few years where going to be more His. .e Mexicans and Puerto Ricans. It’s no surprise that states with larger Latino population have larger number of unemployed latinos within states, Latinos are more likely to move within a county indicating they are more likely to move for employment opportunities. In conclusion, Latinos are getting famous in the United States and they are being involved in America politics. Having some many people in the United States like Latinos is having a cause and effect. But Latinos are taking over of most jobs and Americans don’t like it because Latinos have a lot of population. In the United States we have so many Latinos because of immigration and Latinas mom having more than 3 kids for each couple. That’s how we becoming a large population and making a big impact in the United States. After 2050 Latinos are going to be the majority of any other race in the United States.

What is Technology Education Essay Example For Students

What is Technology Education? Essay What is Technology Education? Essay I asked myself nearly a year ago. I was at the time involved in Industrial Technology with a concentration in Drafting Design. Unchallenged and bored with that particular field of study, I searched for something new, but yet somewhat the same. I saw a flyer posted in Flanagan Hall at my former stomping ground, East Carolina University, that said teachers were desperately needed at local high schools. Some of the subjects they needed teachers in included: Electronics, Wood Shop, Auto Mechanics, Computer Applications, and the one that caught my eye the most, Drafting Design. The flyer said all you needed to teach middle and high school in these particular subjects was a BS in Industrial Technology (but teacher certification was a plus was noted in the fine print). We will write a custom essay on What is Technology Education? specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now I did some research on Technology Education and did some personal reflection if this was a career I was really interested in. It sure beats a 9 to 5 job, I thought, and it cant be monotonous because every day you do something new especially in the type of teaching Id like to pursue, Drafting Design. Over the weekend I did some more research on a professional organization that is directly related to my field, Industrial Technology Education Association (ITEA). ITEA is a large, in fact the largest, professional educational association devoted to enhancing technology education through experiences in our schools (K-12). ITEA covers individuals and institutions throughout the world with the primary membership in North America. More than forty thousand technology educators in the United States alone represent ITEA. The corporate members of ITEA are comprised of leading technology companies. ITEAs mission is to advance technological means for all people. ITEA tries to meet the professional needs and interests of members as well as to improve public understanding of technology education and its contributions. ITEA conducts various professional development programs and holds an annual conference. This conference is the largest technology education show of exhibits and educational sessions in the world. Wow! Some publications the Industrial Technology Education Association compose include the following: The Technology Teacher, Technology and Children, and The Journal of Technology Education. There are ten committees that organize the aspects of technology education. These committees of ITEA also sponsor dozens of meetings, conferences, and exhibits each year. They also sponsor an active honor and awards program that identifies outstanding teachers and programs (K-12) from states, provinces and countries that are affiliated with the Association. ITEA also presents award certificates and supports other programs that recognize outstanding efforts in the technology teaching profession. The last thing I want to mention here is that ITEA performs a strong public policy program, frequently providing information to the government, local and national agencies ; associations, and other special interest groups that deal with technology education. The Association attempts to provide an understanding of the importance of technology education to the future growth and welfare of all nations. ITEA provides many professional services that are available to teachers. As stated before, the Industrial Technology Educational Association provides a variety of publications and videos. This material leads the teachers by providing teaching directions, instructional ideas, and networking opportunities. Again, the Industrial Technology Educational Association has many worldwide conferences every year. Here are just a few upcoming conventions that are to be held in the near future: September 18-21, 1999: Technology International Conference, Erfurt, Federal Republic of Germany. The history, problems and prospects of technical education. September 24-25, 1999: Western Cape Technology Conference presented by The Technology Association at Western Province Prep School, Claremont, Cape Town, South Africa. October 1-2, 1999: The Learning Institute for Technology Education Conference. Program strands include high school, middle school, later elementary and early elementary break-outs in Design and Technology, Math/Science/Technology integration, Info Tech/Computer, and Career Pathways. The conference will be held at Oakland Community College, Orchard Ridge Campus, Farmington Hills, MI. October 21-23, 1999: 62nd Annual New England Association of Technology Teachers (NEATT) Conference. .u6600720dabdc82194d4c0be1755f7a12 , .u6600720dabdc82194d4c0be1755f7a12 .postImageUrl , .u6600720dabdc82194d4c0be1755f7a12 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u6600720dabdc82194d4c0be1755f7a12 , .u6600720dabdc82194d4c0be1755f7a12:hover , .u6600720dabdc82194d4c0be1755f7a12:visited , .u6600720dabdc82194d4c0be1755f7a12:active { border:0!important; } .u6600720dabdc82194d4c0be1755f7a12 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u6600720dabdc82194d4c0be1755f7a12 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u6600720dabdc82194d4c0be1755f7a12:active , .u6600720dabdc82194d4c0be1755f7a12:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u6600720dabdc82194d4c0be1755f7a12 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u6600720dabdc82194d4c0be1755f7a12 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u6600720dabdc82194d4c0be1755f7a12 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u6600720dabdc82194d4c0be1755f7a12 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u6600720dabdc82194d4c0be1755f7a12:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u6600720dabdc82194d4c0be1755f7a12 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u6600720dabdc82194d4c0be1755f7a12 .u6600720dabdc82194d4c0be1755f7a12-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u6600720dabdc82194d4c0be1755f7a12:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: William Shakespeare's play, Hamlet, was full of de Essay Held at the Sheraton Burlington Hotel and Conference Center in Burlington, Vermont. December 12-15, 1999: Association for Career and Technical Education (ACTE) Annual Convention, Orlando, FL. January 9-14, 2000: International Technology Conference to be held in Canberra, Australia. Hosted by the Australian Council . What is Technology Education Essay Example For Students What is Technology Education? Essay Word Count: 863 I asked myself nearly a year ago. I was at the time involved in Industrial Technology with a concentration in Drafting Design. Unchallenged and bored with that particular field of study, I searched for something new, but yet somewhat the same. I saw a flyer posted in Flanagan Hall at my former stomping ground, East Carolina University, that said teachers were desperately needed at local high schools. Some of the subjects they needed teachers in included: Electronics, Wood Shop, Auto Mechanics, Computer Applications, and the one that caught my eye the most, Drafting Design. We will write a custom essay on What is Technology Education? specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now The flyer said all you needed to teach middle and high school in these particular subjects was a BS in Industrial Technology (but teacher certification was a plus was noted in the fine print). I did some research on Technology Education and did some personal reflection if this was a career I was really interested in. It sure beats a 9 to 5 job, I thought, and it cant be monotonous because every day you do something new especially in the type of teaching Id like to pursue, Drafting Design. Over the weekend I did some more research on a professional organization that is directly related to my field, Industrial Technology Education Association (ITEA). ITEA is a large, in fact the largest, professional educational association devoted to enhancing technology education through experiences in our schools (K-12). ITEA covers individuals and institutions throughout the world with the primary membership in North America. More than forty thousand technology educators in the United States alone represent ITEA. The corporate members of ITEA are comprised of leading technology companies. ITEAs mission is to advance technological means for all people. ITEA tries to meet the professional needs and interests of members as well as to improve public understanding of technology education and its contributions. ITEA conducts various professional development programs and holds an annual conference. This conference is the largest technology education show of exhibits and educational sessions in the world. Wow! Some publications the Industrial Technology Education Association compose include the following: The Technology Teacher, Technology and Children, and The Journal of Technology Education. There are ten committees that organize the aspects of technology education. These committees of ITEA also sponsor dozens of meetings, conferences, and exhibits each year. They also sponsor an active honor and awards program that identifies outstanding teachers and programs (K-12) from states, provinces and countries that are affiliated with the Association. ITEA also presents award certificates and supports other programs that recognize outstanding efforts in the technology teaching profession. The last thing I want to mention here is that ITEA performs a strong public policy program, frequently providing information to the government, local and national agencies ; associations, and other special interest groups that deal with technology education. The Association attempts to provide an understanding of the importance of technology education to the future growth and welfare of all nations. ITEA provides many professional services that are available to teachers. As stated before, the Industrial Technology Educational Association provides a variety of publications and videos. This material leads the teachers by providing teaching directions, instructional ideas, and networking opportunities. Again, the Industrial Technology Educational Association has many worldwide conferences every year. Here are just a few upcoming conventions that are to be held in the near future: September 18-21, 1999: Technology International Conference, Erfurt, Federal Republic of Germany. The history, problems and prospects of technical education. September 24-25, 1999: Western Cape Technology Conference presented by The Technology Association at Western Province Prep School, Claremont, Cape Town, South Africa. October 1-2, 1999: The Learning Institute for Technology Education Conference. Program strands include high school, middle school, later elementary and early elementary break-outs in Design and Technology, Math/Science/Technology integration, Info Tech/Computer, and Career Pathways. The conference will be held at Oakland Community College, Orchard Ridge Campus, Farmington Hills, MI. October 21-23, 1999: 62nd Annual New England Association of Technology Teachers (NEATT) Conference. .u12e47e629bf619d071cc07a8b30fe9b1 , .u12e47e629bf619d071cc07a8b30fe9b1 .postImageUrl , .u12e47e629bf619d071cc07a8b30fe9b1 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u12e47e629bf619d071cc07a8b30fe9b1 , .u12e47e629bf619d071cc07a8b30fe9b1:hover , .u12e47e629bf619d071cc07a8b30fe9b1:visited , .u12e47e629bf619d071cc07a8b30fe9b1:active { border:0!important; } .u12e47e629bf619d071cc07a8b30fe9b1 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u12e47e629bf619d071cc07a8b30fe9b1 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u12e47e629bf619d071cc07a8b30fe9b1:active , .u12e47e629bf619d071cc07a8b30fe9b1:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u12e47e629bf619d071cc07a8b30fe9b1 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u12e47e629bf619d071cc07a8b30fe9b1 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u12e47e629bf619d071cc07a8b30fe9b1 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u12e47e629bf619d071cc07a8b30fe9b1 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u12e47e629bf619d071cc07a8b30fe9b1:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u12e47e629bf619d071cc07a8b30fe9b1 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u12e47e629bf619d071cc07a8b30fe9b1 .u12e47e629bf619d071cc07a8b30fe9b1-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u12e47e629bf619d071cc07a8b30fe9b1:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Athiesms Problem Essay Held at the Sheraton Burlington Hotel and Conference Center in Burlington, Vermont. December 12-15, 1999: Association for Career and Technical Education (ACTE) Annual Convention, Orlando, FL. January 9-14, 2000: International Technology Conference to be held in Canberra, Australia. Hosted by the Australian Council of .

Solar Radiation and the Earths Albedo

Solar Radiation and the Earth's Albedo Nearly all of the energy arriving on planet Earth and driving the various weather events, oceanic currents, and distribution of ecosystems originates with the sun. This intense solar radiation as it is known in physical geography originates in the sun’s core and is eventually sent to Earth after convection (the vertical movement of energy) forces it away from the sun’s core. It takes approximately eight minutes for solar radiation to reach the Earth after leaving the sun’s surface. Once this solar radiation arrives on Earth, its energy is distributed unevenly across the globe by latitude. As this radiation enters the Earth’s atmosphere it hits near the equator and develops an energy surplus. Because less direct solar radiation arrives at the poles, they, in turn, develop an energy deficit. To keep energy balanced on the Earth’s surface, the excess energy from the equatorial regions flows toward the poles in a cycle so energy will be balanced across the globe. This cycle is called the Earth-Atmosphere energy balance. Solar Radiation Pathways Once the Earth’s atmosphere receives shortwave solar radiation, the energy is referred to as insolation. This insolation is the energy input responsible for moving the various Earth-atmosphere systems like the energy balance described above but also weather events, oceanic currents, and other Earth cycles. Insolation can be direct or diffuse. Direct radiation is solar radiation received by the Earth’s surface and/or atmosphere that has not been altered by atmospheric scattering. Diffused radiation is solar radiation that has been modified by scattering. Scattering itself is one of five pathways solar radiation can take when entering the atmosphere. It occurs when insolation is deflected and/or redirected upon entering the atmosphere by dust, gas, ice, and water vapor present there. If the energy waves have a shorter wavelength, they are scattered more than those with longer wavelengths. Scattering and how it reacts with wavelength size are responsible for many things we see in the atmosphere such as the sky’s blue color and white clouds. Transmission is another solar radiation pathway. It occurs when both shortwave and longwave energy pass through the atmosphere and water instead of scattering when interacting with gases and other particles in the atmosphere. Refraction can also occur when solar radiation enters the atmosphere. This pathway happens when energy moves from one type of space to another, such as from air into water. As the energy moves from these spaces, it changes its speed and direction when reacting with the particles present there. The shift in direction often causes the energy to bend and release the various light colors within it, similar to what happens as light passes through a crystal or prism. Absorption is the fourth type of solar radiation pathway and is the conversion of energy from one form into another. For example, when solar radiation is absorbed by water, its energy shifts to the water and raises its temperature. This is common of all-absorbing surfaces from a tree’s leaf to asphalt. The final solar radiation pathway is a reflection. This is when a portion of energy bounces directly back to space without being absorbed, refracted, transmitted, or scattered. An important term to remember when studying solar radiation and reflection is albedo. Albedo Albedo is defined as the reflective quality of a surface. It is expressed as a percentage of reflected insolation to incoming insolation and zero percent is total absorption while 100% is the total reflection. In terms of visible colors, darker colors have a lower albedo, that is, they absorb more insolation, and lighter colors have a high albedo, or higher rates of reflection. For example, snow reflects 85-90% of insolation, whereas asphalt reflects only 5-10%. The angle of the sun also impacts albedo value and lower sun angles create greater reflection because the energy coming from a low sun angle is not as strong as that arriving from a high sun angle. Additionally, smooth surfaces have a higher albedo while rough surfaces reduce it. Like solar radiation in general, albedo values also vary across the globe with latitude but Earth’s average albedo is around 31%. For surfaces between the tropics (23.5Â °N to 23.5Â °S) the average albedo is 19-38%. At the poles, it can be as high as 80% in some areas. This is a result of the lower sun angle present at the poles but also the higher presence of fresh snow, ice, and smooth open water- all areas prone to high levels of reflectivity. Albedo, Solar Radiation, and Humans Today, albedo is a major concern for humans worldwide. As industrial activities increase air pollution, the atmosphere itself is becoming more reflective because there are more aerosols to reflect insolation. In addition, the low albedo of the world’s largest cities sometimes creates urban heat islands which impacts both city planning and energy consumption. Solar radiation is also finding its place in new plans for renewable energy- most notably solar panels for electricity and black tubes for heating water. These items’ dark colors have low albedos and therefore absorb nearly all of the solar radiation striking them, making them efficient tools for harnessing the sun’s power worldwide. Regardless of the sun’s efficiency in electricity generation though, the study of solar radiation and albedo is essential to the understanding of Earth’s weather cycles, ocean currents, and locations of different ecosystems.

Battle of Malvern Hill - Civil War Battle of Malvern Hill

Battle of Malvern Hill - Civil War Battle of Malvern Hill Battle of Malvern Hill: Date Conflict: The Battle of Malvern Hill was part of the Seven Days Battles and was fought July 1, 1862, during the American Civil War (1861-1865). Armies Commanders Union Major General George B. McClellanBrigadier General Fitz John Porter80,000 men Confederate General Robert E. Lee80,000 men Battle of Malvern Hill - Background: Beginning on June 25, 1862, Major General George B. McClellans Army of the Potomac was the subject of repeated assaults by Confederate forces under General Robert E. Lee. Falling back from the gates of Richmond, McClellan believed his army to be outnumbered and hastened to retreat to his secure supply base at Harrisons Landing where his army could shelter under the guns of the US Navy in the James River. Fighting an inconclusive action at Glendale (Fraysers Farm) on June 30, he was able to gain some breathing room for his continued withdrawal. Retreating south, the Army of the Potomac occupied a high, open plateau known as Malvern Hill on July 1. Featuring steep slopes on its southern, eastern, and western sides, the position was further protected by swampy terrain and Western Run to the east. The site had been selected the previous day by Brigadier General Fitz John Porter who commanded the Union V Corps. Riding ahead to Harrisons Landing, McClellan left Porter in command at Malvern Hill. Aware that Confederate forces would have to attack from the north, Porter formed a line facing in that direction (Map). Battle of Malvern Hill - The Union Position: Placing Brigadier General George Morells division from his corps on the far left, Porter placed the IV Corps division of Brigadier General Darius Couch to their right. The Union line was further extended to the right by the III Corps divisions of Brigadier General Philip Kearny and Joseph Hooker. These infantry formations were supported by the armys artillery under Colonel Henry Hunt. Possessing around 250 guns, he was able to emplace between 30 to 35 atop the hill at any given point. The Union line was further supported by US Navy gunboats in the river to the south and additional troops on the hill. Battle of Malvern Hill - Lees Plan: To the north of the Union position, the hill sloped down across open space that extended from 800 yards to a mile until reaching the closest tree line. To assess the Union position, Lee met with several of his commanders. While Major General Daniel H. Hill felt that an attack was ill-advised, such an action was encouraged by Major General James Longstreet. Scouting the area, Lee and Longstreet identified two suitable artillery positions that they believed would bring the hill under crossfire and suppress the Union guns. With this done, an infantry assault could move forward. Deploying opposite the Union position, Major General Thomas Stonewall Jacksons command formed the Confederate left, with Hills division in the center astride the Willis Church and Carters Mill Roads. Major General John Magruders division was to form the Confederate right, however it was misled by its guides and was late in arriving. To support this flank, Lee also assigned Major General Benjamin Hugers division to the area as well. The attack was to be led by Brigadier General Lewis A. Armisteads brigade from Hugers Division which was assigned to move forward once the guns had weakened the enemy. Battle of Malvern Hill - A Bloody Debacle: Having devised the plan for the assault, Lee, who was ill, refrained from directing operations and instead delegated the actual fighting to his subordinates. His plan quickly began to unravel when the Confederate artillery, which was strung out back to Glendale, arrived on the field in piecemeal fashion. This was further compounded by confusing orders that were issued by his headquarters. Those Confederate guns that deployed as planned were met with fierce counter-battery fire from Hunts artillery. Firing from 1:00 to 2:30 PM, Hunts men unleashed a massive bombardment that crushed the Confederate artillery. The situation for the Confederates continued to worsen when Armisteads men advanced prematurely around 3:30 PM. This keyed the larger assault as planned with Magruder sending forward two brigades as well. Pushing up the hill, they were met by a maelstrom of case and canister shot from the Union guns as well as heavy fire from the enemy infantry. To aid this advance, Hill began sending troops forward, though refrained from a general advance. As a result, his several small attacks were easily turned back by the Union forces. As the afternoon pressed on, the Confederates continued their assaults with no success. Atop the hill, Porter and Hunt had the luxury of being able to rotate units and batteries as ammunition was expended. Later in the day, the Confederates began attacks towards the western side of the hill where the terrain worked to cover part of their approach. Though they advanced farther than the previous efforts, they too were turned back by the Union guns. The greatest threat came when men from Major General Lafayette McLaws division nearly reached the Union line. Rushing reinforcements to the scene, Porter was able to turn back the attack. Battle of Malvern Hill - Aftermath: As the sun began to set, the fighting died out. During the course of the battle, the Confederates sustained 5,355 casualties while Union forces incurred 3,214. On July 2, McClellan ordered the army to continue its retreat and shifted his men to the Berkeley and Westover Plantations near Harrisons Landing. In assessing the fighting at Malvern Hill, Hill famously commented that: It was not war. It was murder. Though he followed the withdrawing Union troops, Lee was unable to inflict any additional damage. Ensconced in a strong position and backed by the US Navys guns, McClellan began a steady stream of requests for reinforcements. Ultimately deciding that the timid Union commander posed little additional threat to Richmond, Lee began dispatching men north to begin what would become the Second Manassas Campaign. Selected Sources History of War: Battle of Malvern HillBlue Gray Trail: Battle of Malvern HillCWPT: Battle of  Malvern Hill

Renewable Energy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 1

Renewable Energy - Essay Example The Atoms for Peace (2010) described renewable energy as â€Å"a source of energy or power that has the capacity to replenish itself. Renewable energy can sometimes be called infinite energy, because it relies on energy that is in infinite supply. Renewable energy is also considered clean energy, because it does not produce toxins or pollutants that are harmful to the environment in the same manner that non-renewable energy does. Thus, renewable energy is also known as green or clean energy† (Atoms, 2010, pars. 1 & 2). The . The alternative fuel sources such as solar power, wind power, geothermal, biofuel and tidal power have ultimately been proven and needed to sustain life and uphold the objective of providing a cleaner and healthier environment as a legacy to the next generations to come. Potentials for renewable energy sources actually abound. Ironically, despite man’s rapid growth and development, the most plausible alternative sources which remain to be available are the wind, tide and sun. These are not only renewable but perpetual. The essay hereby aims to proffer relevant aspects of hydrogen as fuel for transportation of the future. Specifically, the discourse would perform a SWOT (strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, threats) analysis on hydrogen as a direct combustible fuel for transport by 2025. Inititally, hydrogen would be discussed in terms of qualifying it as a portable energy storage method, rather than a renewable energy, per se. Prior to the presentation of a SWOT analysis on hydrogen as fuel for transport, a general discussion of the benefits of renewable energy would be enumerated, as well as its disadvantages, to highlight evaluative factors of renewable energy, as a whole. The utilization of renewable and alternative energy sources with emphasis on utilizing solar energy, the tides and the wind could provide man with the following benefits. There are advantages which are clearly identified in utilizing alternative fuel sources. Among

Geographical Characteristics of Cyprus Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Geographical Characteristics of Cyprus - Essay Example Cyprus experiences a subtropical climate as a benefit from the presence of mountain ranges and vast central plain which is drained by rivers. The quick-developing Cyprus economy is largely indebted to its geographic specifications and the socio-cultural influences of the migrant populations residing in the mainland. This essay will clearly study the geography of Cyprus as an evaluative overview of its climatic, demographic and socio-cultural designs. Topographic Details The charm of the topography of the country is elevated with the mighty stand of Mount Olympus. Geologists like Simmons have always focused this island for its location; Cyprus covers around 9550 square kilometers of land area that lies nearly 65 kilometers south of Turkey and 105 kilometers far from the west of Syria with four major topographic provinces including the coastal belt, the northern range, the southern range, and the central plain (6). Cyprus has a typical climate that experiences warm winters and moderate ly hot summers with a high number of sunshine hours and frequent rains in winter. The country has been renowned for its historical and epical prominence in the European civilization. This small island country is known for its rich mineral wealth, wine produces and extreme natural beauty. Interim volcanoes along the mountains and violent weather conditions across the fertile valleys make the golden-leaf like island a location of might hiding in beauty. In the opinion of Bowman, Goult and Hunt, the prominence of Greek mythology has also helped Cyprus achieve the position as the world’s hottest choice for honeymooners, bird watchers and all kinds of tourists as this island is believed to be the home of Aphrodite, the Greek goddess of love. This Island features home for a wide range of plants and animals that add to its specific beauty. Economic and Political Implications of Geography Salt lakes and salt marshes that lie over a large area of the mainland makes the scarcity of wat er worse; however, there are many rivers that drain the agricultural land and meet the purpose of the population to a great extent. Cyprus is largely an agricultural region where the people engage mostly in livestock production and related trades while a large proportion of the people engage in crop production. According to an expert’s opinion, â€Å"the island’s microclimates and varied topography allow for diversified crop production† (Mirbagheri, 4). Animal husbandry involves the production and sales of milk, egg and meat of different animals. Farmers engaged in the crop production from irrigated farms produce grapes, melons, lemons and bananas while wine grapes, cereals, olives, fodders and almonds are produced mainly depending on rain-fed farms. Spring-summer cultivation of majority of crops Cyprus depend on the stored moisture of the land and deep summer crops depend on irrigation. The crops produced are largely used for the domestic consumption while the surplus is exported mainly to the European Union nations. Certain studies reveal that Cyprus gains around 480milli litter of average annual rain fall – a meager quantity compared to the requirement – a result of which farmers depend on scarce water resources for agricultural purposes (Cyprus Profile). Continuous droughts and volcanoes create water shortage in the central plains of Cyprus that